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      General Studies 2

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      • Bird Flu in India 2021

      Bird Flu in India 2021

      • Posted by Vizmins Official Post
      • Date January 26, 2021
      • Comments 0 comment
      General Studies paper 2 Health
      • Bird flu, also known as Avian influenza (AI)
      • It is a highly contagious viral disease affecting several species of food-producing birds (chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl, etc.) as well as pet birds and wild birds.
      • Occasionally mammals, including humans, may contract avian influenza.
      • Influenza viruses are grouped into three types; A, B, and C.
      • Only type A is known to infect animals and is zoonotic, meaning it can infect animals and also humans.
      • Type B and C mostly infect humans and typically cause mild disease.
      • The influenza A virus
        • It has two proteins on its surface hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N).
        • Both of which have 18 and 11 different subtypes respectively.
        • Leading to different combinations such as H3N2 and H7N9, A(H5N1), and A(H9N2).
      • Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus occurs mainly in birds and is highly contagious among them.
      • HPAI Asian H5N1 is especially deadly for poultry.

      Effects of flu on Humans

      • Mostly, humans have only experienced infections by three different H types (H1, H2 and H3), and two different N types (N1 and N2).

      • Presently, two subtypes, H1N1 and H3N2, circulate among human beings, causing the seasonal flu epidemics.

        • Since these strains are well adapted to humans, they are referred to as human flu rather than bird flu.

      • Whenever a new flu A virus establishes itself in humans, it can cause a pandemic, and four such pandemics have occurred since 1918,

        • 1918, the Spanish flu (H1N1)

        • The 1957-58 Asian flu (H2N2)

        • The 1968 Hong Kong flu (H3N2) 

        • The 2009 swine flu (caused by a newer version of the H1N1).

      Tag:Health, UPSC

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