Question 1:

India’s journey from energy anxiety to energy self-assurance reflects a strategic shift in policy. Discuss the key pillars of India’s energy security strategy in this regard. (15 marks, 250 words)

Model Answer Framework:

Introduction:

• Energy security is a critical component of India’s national development and strategic autonomy.

• As India becomes the 4th largest economy (2025), its shift from energy dependency to diversified, sustainable energy reflects a mature and multi-pronged energy policy.

Body:

1. Need for Energy Security:

• Growing energy demand: India to account for 25% of global demand by 2047.

• Strategic independence from volatile global markets.

• Inclusive development and climate commitments (Net Zero by 2070).

2. Key Pillars of India’s Energy Strategy:

• Diversification of Sources:

  • Expanding import base and domestic production.

• Exploration and Production Reforms:

  • OALP and DSF increased coverage to 16%, targeting 1 million sq. km.

• Pricing and Investment Incentives:

  • 20% premium for new wells; gas pricing linked to crude basket.

• Infrastructure Expansion:

  • 24,000 km product pipelines; 96,000+ fuel outlets; 75 MMtoe new reserves.

• Digital Governance:

  • PM Gati Shakti: ₹169 crore savings through optimization of 1 lakh+ energy assets.

3. Green Energy Focus:

• Biofuel success: Ethanol blending rose to 19.7%, saved ₹1.26 lakh crore in forex.

• Green Hydrogen: Tendered 8.62 lakh tonnes; Panipat plant, NE initiatives.

• Compressed Biogas: 100+ plants under SATAT.

• Hybrid Leases: Integrates fossil and renewable energy fields.

Conclusion:

• India’s strategic shift in energy policy ensures energy security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability.

• With sustained reforms, India is well on its way to becoming a global energy leader aligned with development and climate goals.

Question 2:

What role does green energy play in ensuring India’s long-term energy security? Critically evaluate India’s performance in this domain. (10 marks, 150 words)

Model Answer Framework:

Introduction:

• Green energy is essential for achieving energy independence and meeting climate commitments like Net Zero by 2070.

• It reduces dependence on fossil fuel imports and promotes sustainable economic development.

Body:

1. Green Energy in Energy Security:

• Reduces fossil fuel import bill.

• Supports rural economy (biofuels, biogas).

• Encourages innovation and private investment.

• Aligns with global climate commitments (Paris Agreement, INDCs).

2. India’s Performance:

• Ethanol blending: Rose from 1.5% (2013) to 19.7% (2025); saved ₹1.26 lakh crore in forex.

• Green hydrogen: Major tenders; Panipat project by IOCL.

• SATAT CBG initiative: Over 100 plants, target 5% blending by 2028.

• Hybrid leases: Combines hydrocarbons and renewables to accelerate transition.

3. Challenges:

• Infrastructure gaps (e.g., pipeline connectivity).

• Technological and financial barriers in green hydrogen.

• Skewed regional access and slow private sector uptake in some sectors.

Conclusion:

• Green energy is not just a climate necessity but a cornerstone of India’s energy sovereignty.

• While progress is commendable, sustained policy support and innovation are key to scaling up efforts.

Question 3:

“Energy access and equity are as important as energy availability in ensuring energy security in India.” Analyze. (10 marks, 150 words)

Model Answer Framework:

Introduction:

• Energy security encompasses not only supply availability but also affordability and accessibility across socio-economic and geographic groups.

Body:

1. Importance of Access and Equity:

• Inclusive energy access ensures:

  • Rural development (e.g., LPG under Ujjwala Yojana).

  • Reduction of energy poverty.

  • Gender empowerment through clean cooking fuels.

2. Current Initiatives Promoting Equity:

• City Gas Distribution networks in urban areas.

• LPG penetration in rural areas.

• PM Gati Shakti optimizing energy assets for all regions.

• Digital infrastructure helps monitor and target underserved regions.

3. Remaining Challenges:

• Energy access disparities across North-East and tribal belts.

• Affordability of new green energy technologies for poor households.

• Infrastructure still lags in hilly and remote areas.

Conclusion:

• Equitable energy access is crucial for sustainable development.

• India must ensure that energy reforms bridge regional and socio-economic divides, aligning growth with justice.